| Haplogroup I is found almost exclusively in Europe where it is represented
in about 20% of the population. Overall, Hg I has a broad European
distribution, from the British Isles east to the Ural Mountains of Russia
and south to Anatolia and the Mediterranean Sea, but its strong geographic
concentration in northwestern Europe has led Hg I to be nicknamed the "Viking"
haplogroup (though some consider R1a to be the only true Viking
haplogroup).
I1 is the most common subclade of Hg I. Geographically, it is
highly concentrated in northern Germany, Denmark, and southern Norway and
Sweden. A modal haplotype for all of I1 would not be meaningful because
the different varieties of I1 have not shared a common ancestor for thousands
of years, but key markers do unify the subclade (highlighted in red in
the tables).
Among European haplotypes, DYS455=8 is virtually exclusive to I1
and YCAIIa,b=19,21 is universal in I1. The subclades of I1 are rare
to the point of not being useful, but no other SNPs subdivide the otherwise
very large I1 group. In lieu of useful SNPs (the search for which
is ongoing), varieties of I1 have been defined by Nordtvedt based on STR
haplotypes. Another useful marker in this subclade is DYS511
(highlighted in royal blue in the tables), which has a value of 10
in the Norse and ultraNorse varieties and a value of
9 in the AngloSaxon
varieties. Your project administrator recommends all I1 individuals
upgrade to 67 markers to pick up the result for this marker. DYS462
is similarly useful and can be ordered as a custom test from FTDNA.
So far, we have 20 Danish Demes Project members who are Haplogroup I1.
Ten are Norse, one is transitional,
two are ultra-Norse, and seven are AngloSaxon.
They fall into these varieties:
|
| Ken Nordtvedt is the guru researching Hg I subclades (see his Excel
spreadsheet). For a table showing modal haplotypes for his Hg
I varieties
in FamilyTreeDNA marker order, please also see my HTML
transcription of Nordtvedt's spreadsheet. |
The Y-DNA haplotree has undergone a major revision in 2008. For
Haplogroup I, the major change is the removal of old I1, which had been
based on the P38 SNP, which means all downstream clades have been "bumped
up" a notch. What that means for us is that everyone who was formerly
I1a is now simply I1. This change has been adopted by FTDNA,
ISOGG,
and
Nordvedt
and by me here on these web pages (as of May 2008).
| FTDNA Chart
(2004) |
Nordtvedt Chart
(2006) |
Nordtvedt Chart
(2008) |
FTDNA
/ ISOGG Chart (2008) |
| Subclade |
Defining SNPs |
Subclade |
Defining SNPs |
Subclade |
Defining SNPs |
Subclade |
Defining SNPs |
| I |
P19 M170 M258 |
I |
P19 M170 M258 |
I |
P19 P38 M170 M258 |
I |
P19 P38 M170 M258 P212 U179 |
| I1 |
all of I and P38 |
I1 |
all of I and P38 |
| I1a |
all of I1 and
P30 M253 M307 |
I1a |
all of I1 and
P30 P40 M253 M307 |
I1 |
all of I and
P30 P40 M253 M307
S62 S63 S64 S65 S66
S107 S108 S109 S110 S111 |
I1 |
all of I and
P30 P40 M253 M307 M450/S109
S62 S63 S64 S65 S66
S107 S108 S110 S111 |
| I1a1 |
all of I1a and P40 |
| I1a4 |
all of I1a and M227 |
I1a1 |
all of I1a and M227 |
I1a |
all of I1 and M227 |
I1a |
all of I1 and M21 |
| I1a3 |
all of I1a and M72 |
I1a3 |
all of I1a and M72 |
I1a1 |
all of I1a and M72 |
I1b |
all of I1 and M227 |
| I1a2 |
all of I1a and M21 |
I1a2 |
all of I1a and M21 |
I1b |
all of I1 and M21 |
I1b1 |
all of I1b and M72 |
| |
I1c |
all of I1 and P109 |
| I1d |
all of I1 and P259 |
| I1b |
all of I1 and S31 |
I1b |
all of I1 and S31 |
I2 |
all of I and S31 |
I2 |
all of I and P215 |
| Because everyone who has tested positive
for P19, M170, and M258 has also test positive for P38, P38 turns out to
be a redundant test for I. Therefore, the former I1 (defined
by P38+) is not a separate subclade of I, but is still root I. Unless
and until someone who is positive for P19, M170, and M258 also tests negative
for P38, there is no rationale for erecting a separate subclade for P38+.
Removing the subclade defined by P38+ affects the designation of all downstream
subclades by bumping them up a notch. |
| Because everyone who
has tested positive for P30, M253, and M307 and negative for M227, M21,
and M72 has also tested positive for P40, P40 turns out to be a redundant
test for I1. Therefore, the former I1a1 (defined by P40+) is not
a separate subclade of I1, but is still root I1. Unless and until
someone who is positive for M21, M72, or M227 also tests negative for P40,
there is no rationale for erecting a separate subclade for P40+.
Removing the subclade defned by P40+ affected the designation of only one
downstream subclade. |
It appears
that root I is extinct because everyone so far tested is either I1 or I2.
It turns out that no one who is positive for M72 is
negative for M227, so M72 becomes a subclade, not a sisterclade, of M227.
Both of these subclades are rare.
M21 appears to be a singleton (i.e., only one
person ever tested has the mutation).
Research is ongoing, but it appears P109 will serve
to spin off a small subclade of I1-Norse.
The usefulness of P259 is still under investigation. |
| Bottom line: despite continued effort, most of
I1 is still a single large subclade lacking useful SNPs to subdivide it. |
|
|